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Biometrika 1995 82(1):69-79; doi:10.1093/biomet/82.1.69
© 1995 by Biometrika Trust
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Counter-matching: A stratified nested case-control sampling method

BRYAN LANGHOLZ1 and Ø RNULF BORGAN2

1Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine 2025 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033-9987, U.S.A.
2Institute of Mathematics P. O. Box 1053 Blindern, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway

The counter-matching design for sampling from risk sets is presented in which each sampled risk set includes the failure and a random sample of controls from ‘sampling strata’ defined by exposure information available for all cohort subjects. Asymptotic relative efficiency comparisons indicate that this type of sampling has superior efficiency to simple nested case-control sampling in situations of practical interest. A simple extension of the method is given which allows for nonrepresentative sampling of failures. Analysis of data from counter-matched studies may be performed using standard conditional logistic likelihood software which allows for an ‘offset’ in the model.

Key Words: Asymptotic efficiency • Case-control study, Cohort study • Design of medical study • Epidemiology • Martingale • Survival analysis


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