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Biometrika 1992 79(3):475-493; doi:10.1093/biomet/79.3.475
© 1992 by Biometrika Trust
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Generalized biplots

J. C. GOWER

Department of Data Theory, University of Leiden Postbox 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands

A general but simple method of ordination is described that includes information on both samples and variables; new samples may be interpolated into the ordination. The method allows both continuous and categorical variables or mixtures of both types. It includes as special cases classical linear biplots, nonlinear biplots and, for categorical variables, a new form of multiple correspondence analysis.

Key Words: Biplot • Graphical method • Multidimensional scaling • Multiple correspondence analysis • Nonlinear biplot • Ordination


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