© 1983 by Biometrika Trust
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
Department of Statistics and Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin, U.S.A.
University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
The propensity score is the conditional probability of assignment to a particular treatment given a vector of observed covariates. Both large and small sample theory show that adjustment for the scalar propensity score is sufficient to remove bias due to all observed covariates. Applications include: (i) matched sampling on the univariate propensity score, which is a generalization of discriminant matching, (ii) multivariate adjustment by subclassification on the propensity score where the same subclasses are used to estimate treatment effects for all outcome variables and in all subpopulations, and (iii) visual representation of multivariate covariance adjustment by a two- dimensional plot.
Key Words: Covariance adjustment • Direct adjustment • Discriminant matching • Matched sampling • Nonrandomized study • Standardization • Stratification • Subclassification
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L. H. Coker, P. E. Hogan, N. R. Bryan, L. H. Kuller, K. L. Margolis, K. Bettermann, R. B. Wallace, Z. Lao, R. Freeman, M. L. Stefanick, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: The WHIMS-MRI Study Neurology, January 13, 2009; 72(2): 125 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Moraca, M. R. Moon, J. S. Lawton, T. J. Guthrie, K. A. Aubuchon, N. Moazami, M. K. Pasque, and R. J. Damiano Jr Outcomes of Tricuspid Valve Repair and Replacement: A Propensity Analysis Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2009; 87(1): 83 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. E. Willson `Fundamental Causes' of Health Disparities: A Comparative Analysis of Canada and the United States International Sociology, January 1, 2009; 24(1): 93 - 113. [Abstract] [PDF]
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