© 1983 by Biometrika Trust
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
Department of Statistics and Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin, U.S.A.
University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
The propensity score is the conditional probability of assignment to a particular treatment given a vector of observed covariates. Both large and small sample theory show that adjustment for the scalar propensity score is sufficient to remove bias due to all observed covariates. Applications include: (i) matched sampling on the univariate propensity score, which is a generalization of discriminant matching, (ii) multivariate adjustment by subclassification on the propensity score where the same subclasses are used to estimate treatment effects for all outcome variables and in all subpopulations, and (iii) visual representation of multivariate covariance adjustment by a two- dimensional plot.
Key Words: Covariance adjustment • Direct adjustment • Discriminant matching • Matched sampling • Nonrandomized study • Standardization • Stratification • Subclassification
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E. P Martens, W. R Pestman, A. de Boer, S. V Belitser, and O. H Klungel Systematic differences in treatment effect estimates between propensity score methods and logistic regression Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2008; 37(5): 1142 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Habermann, S. S. Wang, M. J. Maurer, L. M. Morton, C. F. Lynch, S. M. Ansell, P. Hartge, R. K. Severson, N. Rothman, S. Davis, et al. Host immune gene polymorphisms in combination with clinical and demographic factors predict late survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients in the pre-rituximab era Blood, October 1, 2008; 112(7): 2694 - 2702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. F. Sabik III, A. Stockins, E. R. Nowicki, E. H. Blackstone, P. L. Houghtaling, B. W. Lytle, and F. D. Loop Does Location of the Second Internal Thoracic Artery Graft Influence Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting? Circulation, September 30, 2008; 118(14_suppl_1): S210 - S215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Costello, S. D. Gaines, and J. Lynham Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse? Science, September 19, 2008; 321(5896): 1678 - 1681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Do and B. K. Finch The Link between Neighborhood Poverty and Health: Context or Composition? Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2008; 168(6): 611 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. S. Harder, E. A. Stuart, and J. C. Anthony Adolescent Cannabis Problems and Young Adult Depression: Male-Female Stratified Propensity Score Analyses Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2008; 168(6): 592 - 601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Christian, K. L. Lapane, A. L. Hume, C. B. Eaton, and M. A. Weinstock Association of ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers with Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention in the Randomized VATTC Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, September 3, 2008; 100(17): 1223 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Cutts, S. Childs, and E. Fieldhouse `This is What Happens When You Don't Listen': All-Women Shortlists at the 2005 General Election Party Politics, September 1, 2008; 14(5): 575 - 595. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. C. Austin Primer on Statistical Interpretation or Methods Report Card on Propensity-Score Matching in the Cardiology Literature From 2004 to 2006: A Systematic Review Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, September 1, 2008; 1(1): 62 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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